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---
## Charge as a property of spatial organization
ASD connects measurable charge to the conserved topological current of spatial orientation. With Chapter 4’s minimal source identification $N_{\rm em}=N_Q$, continuity and integer charge labels have explicit algebraic origins. Electromagnetic coupling and unit-charge normalization determine how those integers enter force, flux and current measurements.
Charge is measured through interactions, transport and electric flux. To assign it to an ASD localized structure, the model must specify the electromagnetic source, the conserved quantity transported in motion, and coupling to external fields. Orientation twisting motivates signs and discrete labels; the mathematical description begins with a current of the complete orientation field.
Let $Q(\mathbf x,t)\in SU(2)$ be smooth and approach the same direction-independent $Q_\infty$ at infinity. This permits a three-dimensional degree. Local phase winding and core-line knot type remain different from that degree; clockwise or anticlockwise drawings cannot determine every electromagnetic property.
## A conserved topological current
Define $L_\mu=Q^{-1}\partial_\mu Q$. With $x^0=ct$, $\epsilon^{0123}=+1$ and a fixed target orientation, Chapter 4 gives
$B^\mu$ has inverse-length-cubed units. $B^0$ is the signed topological density and $\mathbf B_{\rm top}=(B^1,B^2,B^3)$ its spatial current components, distinct from the electromagnetic magnetic field $\mathbf B$. The index $\mu$ compactly organizes temporal and spatial derivatives without introducing Lorentz invariance merely through notation.
Conservation follows from the Maurer–Cartan identity
$$
\partial_\mu L_\nu-\partial_\nu L_\mu+[L_\mu,L_\nu]=0.
$$
Differentiate the triple product, combine terms with antisymmetric $\epsilon^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}$, and use this identity and cyclicity of the trace to obtain $\partial_\mu B^\mu=0$. It is a mathematical conservation law for smooth orientation maps, independent of a chosen particle shape. Integer $N_Q$ additionally uses the fixed distant boundary and normalization.
In a finite region $V$, $x^0=ct$ converts the local identity to $\partial_tB^0+c\nabla\cdot\mathbf B_{\rm top}=0$, hence
$$
\frac{d}{dt}\int_V B^0d^3x=-c\oint_{\partial V}\mathbf B_{\rm top}\cdot d\mathbf S.
$$
Boundary flux explains a change inside the region. With no flux at infinity, the total degree is conserved; local positive and negative concentrations need not each remain unchanged.
## Identifying a candidate electromagnetic source
A measurable charge requires a physical identification beyond topology. Chapter 4 explicitly chooses
$e$ is the normalization matched to the experimental unit charge. $\rho_{\rm em}$ has charge-per-volume units and $\mathbf j_{\rm em}$ current-per-area units. The spatial factor $c$ follows from $x^0=ct$ and cannot be omitted. $N_{\rm em}=N_Q$ is an identification in the selected candidate, not a theorem for every orientation model.
This identification and the topological identity give charge continuity and integer labels. Matching to the [effective electromagnetic source coupling](/en/theory/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-waves) is additionally required for the flux law:
The first two relations follow conditionally from identification. The last also requires the electromagnetic source equations: $\epsilon_0$ is the field normalization, $\mathbf E$ the electric field, and $Q_{\rm em}(V)$ the charge inside the boundary. Integer classification neither produces the Coulomb coefficient nor independently calculates $e$.
Chapter 3 already uses $-\rho_e\Phi_\tau+\mathbf J\cdot\mathbf A_\tau$. The candidate must identify $\rho_e=\rho_{\rm em}$ and $\mathbf J=\mathbf j_{\rm em}$ with consistent normalization. $\Phi_\tau$ and $\mathbf A_\tau$ are effective scalar and vector potentials. The coupling both sources the field and contributes feedback in the orientation equation, allowing force and energy transfer within one system. It does not replace the Chapter 3 LVE magnetic construction with field transformations.
## Equal charge does not mean the same species
The candidate electron, positron and proton labels are $-1,+1,+1$. Equal far-field charge does not specify equal internal organization: positron and proton require different core energy, responses and species constraints. The proton’s $N_{\rm int}=3$ and $N_{\rm em}=1$ must therefore be defined separately, without making internal triple winding into triple charge.
A model classified only by electromagnetic integers would not prevent a heavier proton from converting into a lighter same-charge structure plus radiation. The manuscript requires additional internal constraints or selection rules. [Proton](/en/theory/matter/proton) develops the candidate relation between global closure and internal channels.
## Conservation, reactions and observations
Pair creation can reorganize positive and negative density within a zero-total-degree sector, and current can cross finite boundaries. If amplitude $\chi$ reaches zero and orientation becomes undefined, the region requires complete variables rather than unconditional use of a smooth-$Q$ identity.
A testable particle calculation should obtain density, electromagnetic sources, external flux and moving current on the same solution, then calculate probe response. Existing [phenomenological requirements](/en/tests/matter) define the observational interface; [OP-MAT-002](/en/open-problems/matter/topological-classification) tracks the consistent mapping. Calibration must remain distinct from independent output.